Earth’s rising temperature poses a bevy of public health risks, from air pollution to extreme temperatures.

Now, concerns are growing that ancient diseases frozen in the Siberian permafrost could make a comeback as the world’s ice melts.

As global temperatures rise, the world’s ice and permafrost — ground that has remained at or below freezing temperatures for more than two years — is melting rapidly. Scientists say the Arctic could see ice-free summers by the early 2030s.

As temperatures rise, ancient viruses trapped beneath the ice have been revealed — and some are still infectious. A 30,000-year-old virus (infectious, thankfully, only to amoebas) was “revived” from melting Siberian ice in 2014, the journal Nature reported.

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Though that virus wasn’t dangerous to humans, scientists worry that a disease that infects humans could be freed from the melting ice. The World Health Organization has prioritized “Disease X” in its efforts to prevent future pandemics.

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